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Albert Cleage
Albert B. Cleage, Jr. (1911–2000) was a Christian religious leader, political candidate, newspaper publisher, political organizer and author. He is founder of the Shrine of the Black Madonna Church and Cultural Centers in Detroit, Michigan and Atlanta, Georgia. Cleage, who changed his name to Jaramogi Abebe Agyeman in the early 1970s, played an important role in the civil rights movement in Detroit during the 1960s and 1970s. He became increasingly involved with Black Nationalism during the 1970s, rejecting many of the core principles of racial integration. He founded a church-owned farm, Beulah Land,〔("The Beulah Land Story". ) Pan African Orthodox Christian Church.〕 in Calhoun Falls, South Carolina, and spent most of his last years there, dying in 2000.〔("Albert Cleage Is Dead at 88; Led Black Nationalist Church" ).''New York Times'', February 27, 2000. Retrieved June 30, 2009.〕 He was the father of writer Pearl Cleage.
==Early life==
Albert B. Cleage Jr. was born in 1911 in Indianapolis, the first of seven children. During much of his later life, his light skin color would become a common feature of discussion. His first biographer, ''Detroit News'' reporter Hiley Ward said it left him with a lifelong identity crisis. Grace Lee Boggs would later describe Cleage as "pink-complexioned, with blue eyes, and light brown, almost blond hair.".〔Quoted in Dillard, Angela and Charles G. Adams, ''Faith in the City''. University of Michigan Press, 2007, p. 238.〕 His father graduated from Indiana School of Medicine in 1910 and moved to Kalamazoo, Michigan to practice before taking a position in Detroit. Dr. Cleage helped found Dunbar Hospital, Detroit's only hospital that granted admitting privileges to Black doctors and trained African-American residents. Dr. Cleage was a major figure in the Detroit medical community, even being designated as City Physician by Mayor Charles Bowles in 1930.
Upon graduation from Detroit's Northwestern High School, Albert Cleage had a peripatetic post-secondary education. He attended Wayne State University beginning in 1929, finally graduating in 1942 with his BA in sociology, but he also studied at Fisk University under Sociologist Charles S. Johnson. He worked as a social worker for the Detroit Department of Health before commencing seminary studies at Oberlin College in 1938, finally earning his Bachelor of Divinity from Oberlin Graduate School of Theology in 1943. He married Doris Graham in 1943 and he was ordained in the Congregational Christian Churches during the same year. He had two daughters and later divorced Graham in 1955. Cleage's final encounter with formal education was at the University of Southern California's film school in the 1950s. He was interested in creating religious films, but withdrew after a semester to take a position in a San Francisco congregation.〔Dillard, Angela and Charles G. Adams, "Chapter 6: The Rev. Albert B. Cleage", ''Faith in the City'', University of Michigan Press, 2007, pp. 237-279.〕
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